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Oil Paintings
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Albrecht Durer
b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since. |
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of Oswolt Krel
1499 Oil on panel, 50 x 39 cm (central), 50 x 16 cm (each side panel) Alte Pinakothek, Munich Inscription in the top left by someone else (?): OSWOLT KREL 1499. This portrait comes from the collection of the Princes Oettingen-Wallerstein, who had acquired it in 1812; if has been in its present location since 1928. It is presumed that Oswolt Krell, a merchant for the Ravensburg House in Nuremberg from 1495 to 1503, had asked the artist for a true portrait of representation. Its notable size, similar to that adopted by D?rer for the portrait of his father two years earlier, and its setting, a half-length, suggests this. In this way, it differs from the Tucher portraits, which were intended for private use. The background, as in the Tucher portraits (Schlossmuseum, Weimar), is divided between the curtain and landscape passage, unlike those, however, it is divided rather unevenly. The bright red curtain is wide and occupies most of the space on the right; the landscape, on the left, is reduced to a foreshortening that shows a small part of a river that meanders toward the back, behind a group of tall trees. The windowsill that separated the subject from the landscape in the Tucher paintings is absent. The figure represented, set with obvious grandiosity, is found in front of the curtain, highlighted by intense colour. The large fur-lined cloak is casually placed on the right shoulder only, to show, on the left side, the rich black garment with the puffed sleeve. To the disorderly folds of the cloak correspond the parallel horizontal folds of the sleeve and the vertical ones of the garment. The three-quarter position allows the painter to bring out the quality of the attire: the fur, silk shirt, and gold chain. The careful, fastidious representation of these meaningful details creates a powerful foundation for the setting of the head: vigorous, strong features, the pronounced nose and the strong-willed mouth, the furrowed eyebrows, as if from a sudden start or fright that makes him direct his gaze off to the side behind him. Everything works to make his face threateningly severe, which even the soft, light brown hair framing him does not attenuate. To the energetic expression of the face corresponds the nervous look of his left hand clutching his cloak and that of the contraction of the knotted fingers of the right hand that leans on an invisible window sill. Colour, form, and proportion heighten the expression of supreme resolution, an expression that is the result of a serious psychological study that D?rer conducted on the merchant, who was the same age as the artist and who was later to become the mayor of Lindau, his native city. The two side panels that represent two "sylvan men" are wings to the portrait. They bear the heraldic shields of the subject and his wife, Agathe von Esendorf. They originally let the portrait be closed from the retro; one could imagine, then, that despite the large dimensions, the painting was to be conserved closed. The present frame has been made recently.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of Oswolt Krel Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Self-Portrait in a Fur-Collared Robe
1500 Oil on lime panel, 67,1 x 48,7 cm Alte Pinakothek, Munich The last of D?rer's three magnificent self-portraits was painted early in 1500, before his 29th birthday on 21 May. The picture is proudly inscribed: `Thus I, Albrecht D?rer from Nuremburg, painted myself with indelible colours at the age of 28 years.' It is a sombre image, painted primarily in browns, set against a plain dark background. The face is striking for its resemblance to the head of Christ. In late medieval art, Jesus was traditionally presented in this manner, looking straight ahead in a symmetrical pose. Christ's brown hair in these images is parted towards the middle and falls over the shoulders. For the first and last time in Western art history, an artist was to portray himself in a Christ-like scheme. Given his idealized appearance as the underdrawing shows, his nose was originally irregular in shape - D?rer is approaching us in "imitatio Christi", in imitation of Christ. He has a short beard and moustache. D?rer has even painted himself with brown hair, although the other self-portraits show that it was actually reddish-blond. D?rer deliberately set out to create a Christ-like image, with his hand raised to his chest almost in a pose of blessing. But this was no gesture of arrogance or blasphemy. It was a statement of faith: Christ was the son of God and God had created Man. For D?rer, the painting was an acknowledgment that artistic skills were a God-given talent. However, D?rer has subtly departed from the traditional image of Christ in his self-portrait. Despite initial appearances, the picture is not quite symmetrical. The head lies just off the centre of the panel to the right and the parting of the hair is not exactly in the middle, with the strands of hair falling a little differently on the two sides. The eyes stare slightly towards the left of the panel. D?rer also wears contemporary clothing, a fashionable fur-lined mantle. The result is a highly personal image, one whose `indelible colours' still influence the way we imagine D?rer looked in his later years. The deceptive illusionism in which the picture is painted is also, however, a reference to the classical artistic legend about Apelles, with whom he had been compared by contemporary humanists.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Self-Portrait in a Fur-Collared Robe Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Adoration of the Magi
1504 Oil on wood Galleria degli Uffizi, FlorenceArtist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Adoration of the Magi (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Emperor Charlemagne
1512 Oil on lindenwood, 188 x 87,6 cm Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg The idealized portrait of Emperor Charlemagne was intended for the "Heiltumskammer" in the Schoppersche House by the marketplace, together with the portrait of Emperor Sigismund of Poland (also in Nuremberg). This was where the coronation insignia and relics were kept, which were put on display once a year at the so-called "Heiltumsweisungen." The physiognomy of Charlemagne, shown in the magnificent original coronation robes, is reminiscent of depictions of God the Father. The crown, sword and imperial orb were prepared by D?rer in sketches. The German imperial coat of arms and French coat of arms with the fleur-de-lis are emblazoned at the top.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Emperor Charlemagne Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Lamentation for Christ
1500-03 Oil on panel Alte Pinakothek, Munich This scene is framed above by a beautiful landscape in which Jerusalem can be seen off the lakeshore, atop a hill, in the foreground. Behind the city is a mountain peak and a mountain range that disappear into the background. The city, mountains, and lake are flooded with light. A thick blanket of heavy black clouds that thins out just above the lake in the back looms over the mountains. While the presence of the black clouds is justified by the narration of the crucifixion ("and darkness came over the whole land...while the sun's light failed," Luke 23:45), and the light is explained by the words of the apocryphal gospel of Saint Peter when he describes the position ("and the sun began to shine again ", 6:21), the Jerusalem that appears in the painting - a city near water, with house, towers, and fortification walls, lying against rocky mountains - is decidedly an invented, Nordic city, which does not at all reflect the actual appearance, well known at that time, of this blessed city.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Lamentation for Christ (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Lamentation for Christ
1500-03 Oil on panel Alte Pinakothek, MunichArtist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Lamentation for Christ (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Lamentation for Christ
1500-03 Oil on panel Alte Pinakothek, MunichArtist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Lamentation for Christ (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Lamentation for Christ
1500-03 Oil on panel Alte Pinakothek, MunichArtist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Lamentation for Christ (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Paumgartner Altar
1503 Oil on lime panel Alte Pinakothek, Munich In the background, an old and young shepherd, deep in conversation, are stepping up to the holy scene. As the old shepherd stretches out his hand in a rhetorical gesture, the other one turns towards him. The foreshortened frontal view of the young shepherd indicates Italian models such as Andrea Mantegna and others whose works D?rer had encountered during his first Italian journey.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Paumgartner Altar (detail of central panel) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Paumgartner Altar
1503 Oil on lime panel, 151 x 61 cm Alte Pinakothek, Munich The side wings depict St George on the left and St Eustace on the right, complete with their attributes on their banners as recorded in the Legenda aurea. St George was a crusader and had liberated the Libyan town of Silena from the dragon, while the Crucified Christ had appeared to St Eustace in a forest in the antlers of a stag, thus converting him to Christianity. The donors themselves appear in the form of their personal saints. On the left, facing the central panel, Stephan Paumgartner appears as St George, and on the right Lukas Paumgartner appears as St Eustace. Both are wearing splendid knightly armor. They are Christian knights, guards and protectors of the holy shrine, the Nativity of Christ in the central panel where they appear once more as part of the group of the donating family.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Paumgartner Altar (right wing) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of Michael Wolgemut
1516 Oil and tempera on lindenwood, 29 x 27 cm Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg After he had achieved great fame, D?rer depicted the master who had taught him to paint. On it he inscribed: `This portrait was done by Albrecht D?rer of his teacher, Michael Wolgemut, in 1516', to which he later added, `and he was 82 years old, and he lived until 1519, when he departed this life on St Andrew's Day morning before sunrise.' It is unclear from the inscription whether Wolgemut was 82 when he died or when the portrait had been painted three years earlier. Michael Wolgemut (1434/7-1519) had one of the largest artist's workshops in Germany. D?rer had served his apprenticeship there from 1486 until 1489 and Wolgemut must have been proud to have witnessed his former pupil's rapid success. In D?rer's portrait, everything is focused on the head, set against a neutral green background. The old man's features are not disguised, from his sunken eyes and gaunt cheeks to the loose skin around his neck. Wolgemut wears a fur-lined coat and a simple hat or scarf, perhaps the headgear he would have worn in his workshop to keep off the dust. His eyes are still alert and he has a thoughtful expression. D?rer does not depict a pitiable man, but marvels at his indomitable spirit.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of Michael Wolgemut Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Emperor Maximilian I
1519 Tempera on canvas, 83 x 65 cm Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg In 1518, D?rer went to the Diet of Augsburg following a delegation of dignitaries from Nuremberg. On that occasion, he did the portrait of Jakob Fugger (Staatsgalerie, Augsburg) and also one in a half-bust of the emperor, then fifty-nine. It is a pencil drawing carried out on 28 June (as indicated by the inscription on the same paper). Shortly thereafter, probably still during his sojourn in Augsburg, he did a second portrait, still in a half-bust, but this time painted on canvas: D?rer probably preferred canvas to panel because it simplified the execution, for the painting as well as for the transportation. This painting, now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg, did not have the inscription on parchment, which was added only after the emperor's death on 12 January 1519. The inscription is in German. It was transcribed, translated in Latin, in capital letters on the third panel portrait, now in Vienna.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Emperor Maximilian I Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of a Young Girl
1507 Oil on panel tranferred from parchment, 30 x 20 cm Staatliche Museen, Berlin This small painting was in the collection of the Imhoff family of Nuremberg, and cited in their inventory from 1573-74 until 1628. In 1633, it was handed over, with the title Portrait of a Young Girl, with other works by D?rer, to Abraham Bloemart, an artist and merchant from Amsterdam. In 1899, the portrait reappears in London, and the firm P. and D. Colnaghi donated it to the Berlin art gallery. The delicate girl is portrayed with soft, curly blond hair, slightly dreamy her eyes, one somewhat lower than the other, a gentle, melancholic gaze; and well-defined, slightly parted lips. The red beret, worn sideways, with a little slit to the side, with a long red ruby and black pearl pendant, gives her a slightly cheeky air. The square green border of the red bodice sets off the upper part of her body. All these details put together have led to various interpretations. In addition to the fact that the "girl," when sold by the Imhoffs, was transformed into a "boy," Panofsky (1955) attributes an androgynous nature to her that could reveal the possible homosexual tendencies of the artist. A teasing letter of 1507 from the canonical Lorenz Behaim of Bamberg and the fact that the portrait does not seem to have been ordered would support this hypothesis. It has also been debated whether the painting was executed in Venice or after D?rer's return to Nuremberg. Considering the clothing to be typically German, there is no doubt as to its provenance.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of a Young Girl Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
The Apostles Philip and James
1516 Tempera on canvas, 45 x 38 and 46 x 37 cm Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence D?rer's monogram and the date are visible in the upper part of the two canvases, which are part of a series of twelve heads of apostles which the artist planned, though never completed. The two heads are constructed with an incisive and meticulous line, a reflection of D?rer's troubled search for moral austerity. We may recall that this was a particularly delicate time in German history, shortly before the emergence of Martin Luther and the Reformation. The two saints inspire a diffuse sense of solemn veneration, in the passionate, severe eyes, the embittered curve of the mouths, and the overabundant beards, depicted as heavy, noble masses of coiling hair.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Apostles Philip and James Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand
1508 Oil on canvas transferred from panel Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna The representation of the violence of the torturers and the various positions of their victims, on their knees and lying on the ground, demonstrates the wide knowledge D?rer had acquired about the human form and laws of perspective. A refined psychological sensibility and pictorial mastery characterize almost all the figures of this tragic scene: for example, the almost cinematographic sequence of the people who are made to fall from the cliff in the top left.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Heller Altar
1508-09 Tempera and oil on wood, 189 x 138 cm (central element) Historisches Museum, Frankfurt In the center-ground of the landscape, D?rer stands as usual with the explicative tablet and his gaze fixed straight ahead. Inscription on the table before the self-portrait: ALBERTVS DVRER ALEMANVS FACIEBAT POST VIRGINIS PARTVM 1509. The background presses into the far distance, toward a lake enclosed by hills, peppered with buildings.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Heller Altar (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Adoration of the Holy Trinity
1511 Oil on lindenwood, 135 x 123,4 cm Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna This work was commissioned by the Nuremberg metal trader Matth?us Landauer. Also known as the Landauer Altarpiece, it was ordered for the chapel of the Twelve-Brothers House, which he endowed for a dozen impoverished artisans. In the centre of the painted panel at the top is the Trinity. God the Father is shown as emperor, holding Christ on the Cross and surmounted by the dove of the Holy Ghost. Around the figure of God are two rings of angels. Below them, to the right, are Old Testament figures and, to the left, followers of Christ bearing palm branches. Nearer the base of the picture are the slightly larger figures of the living, led by the Pope (with a blue tiara) and the Emperor (with a golden crown). The grey-haired figure of Matth?us Landauer, the donor, is depicted on the left, being welcomed into the throng by the outstretched hand of a cardinal. The landscape at the bottom of the panel stretches into the far distance. A lone figure stands on the land - the artist, who has depicted the earthly community being reunited with the realm of heaven. His hand rests on a panel which is inscribed: `Albrecht D?rer of Nuremberg made this 1511 years after the Virgin.' D?rer also designed an ornate frame for the altarpiece. An early drawing for the frame and panel is dated 1508 and shows that they were a carefully designed ensemble. The frame still survives in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, although unfortunately it has long been separated from the painting. (The frame shown in the reproduction is an exact replica of the original.) Made of carved and painted wood, the top of the frame has a sculpted depiction of the Last Judgement, with God enthroned and surrounded by the kneeling figures of the Virgin and John the Baptist. An inscription on the base of the frame records: `Matth?us Landauer has finally completed the house of worship of the Twelve Bretheren including the donation of this panel. After Christ's birth, the year 1511.' D?rer's workshop also designed stained-glass windows for the Twelve-Brothers Chapel, but these were removed in 1810 and were destroyed in Berlin during the Second World War.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Adoration of the Holy Trinity (Landauer Altar) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Adoration of the Trinity
1511 Oil on lindenwood Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna To the right is a figure, easily identifiable from his armor, as Landauer's son-in-law, Wilhelm Haller, a mercenary captain. In the lower part of the painting, almost to contrast the suspended scores of saints and men and women, D?rer offers us, from a slightly raised perspective, the vision of a landscape passage. This one, even more than the one in the Heller Altar, disappears into an infinite background, illuminated by a most gentle evening light that also shimmers against the clouds. In this deserted terrestrial kingdom, D?rer painted himself, the only human being. He is set apart toward the right margin, dressed as usual in a rich fur cloak, and indicative of an ancient styled tablet with the inscription: ALBERTVS DVRER NORICVS FACIEBAT ANNO A VIRGINIS PARTV[M] 1511.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Adoration of the Trinity (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Adoration of the Trinity
1511 Oil on lindenwood Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna The landscape at the bottom of the panel stretches into the far distance.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Adoration of the Trinity (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Adoration of the Trinity
1511 Oil on lindenwood Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna The landscape at the bottom of the panel stretches into the far distance. A lone figure stands on the land - the artist, who has depicted the earthly community being reunited with the realm of heaven. His hand rests on a panel which is inscribed: `Albrecht D?rer of Nuremberg made this 1511 years after the Virgin.'Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Adoration of the Trinity (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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| Albrecht Durer
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b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since.
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